CUA-S1 – A System One Model for Computer Use

Hello HN! We're Dillon and Francesco from Cua.We were wondering how many computer use tasks actually need a full general purpose LLM (e.g. gpt-6-astra, claude-opus-5 etc.) to think through all their decisions and steps. Some tasks require thinking about a plan, exploring different paths, recovering from failure. Other tasks are a question of making local decisions, like this value should go in this box, or should I check this box, or this element should be ignored.We wondered how far we could go with a small model trained to only make these kinds of decisions.Our inspiration was Typesafe's Jev and its System One Model framing. This is a nod to the dichotomy between thinking quickly, automatically, and intuitively (system 1) vs. thinking slowly, analytically (system 2), as described by Daniel Kahneman.The interesting question for us was: what happens if you give a model an interface of current context, and a set of possible choices, and you ask it to return a probability for each choice? This kind of model does not generate output token by token like most LLMs do, but rather scores the options you give it, which you can check, trust, and use to drive your app's behavior.CUA-S1 is our answer for narrow, specialized decision models for computer use. Our first release is CUA-S1-FORMS. We built this from ideas and code in jevlike, and then trained a second model just to handle form interactions. It has 706k parameters, and the original checkpoint is 2.8 MB.The first training iteration took less than 30 minutes on synthetic data. Given a set of structured elements and values extracted from a document, it predicts whether to use the given value, CHECK, CLICK, or SKIP for each element. It does not predict new values for text fields, and does not consider screenshots. Element decisions are scored together, and your code can order the actions, and Cua Driver will execute them one at a time.A first evaluation of this specialist vs. hosted Jev on our form task:-